Bleeding cough, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications

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Bleeding cough, Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications

Hemoptysis or coughing up blood is coughing up phlegm that contains blood. This blood can come from the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs. Coughing up blood indicates damage to the blood vessels around the respiratory tract. This condition can be a sign of a serious respiratory disease that requires treatment.

Causes of Bloody Cough

The causes of coughing up blood are very diverse. The following are the causes of coughing up blood due to diseases in the respiratory tract:

Aspergillosis
Bronchitis
Lung infection or pneumonia
tuberculosis
Bronchiectasis
The entry of foreign objects into the respiratory tract
Rupture of blood vessels in the respiratory tract (bronchial varicose veins)
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary embolism
Injuries to the chest area
Lung cancer

In addition to diseases in the respiratory tract, coughing up blood can also be caused by other conditions, such as:

Side effects of blood thinning drugs
Side effects of drug use
Chronic cough
Heart failure, especially due to mitral valve disease
Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, Wegener's granulomatosis, or Churg-Strauss syndrome

Risk factors for coughing up blood

Depending on the cause, a person will be more easily or at risk of coughing up blood if they have the following factors:

Smoke
Suffering from HIV/AIDS
Taking immunosuppressant drugs
Have you ever had surgery or been hospitalized?
Have a family history of blood clotting disorders

Symptoms of Bloody Cough

Coughing up blood is characterized by the discharge of blood when coughing. The amount of blood that comes out depends on how severe the condition is and the cause of coughing up blood itself. In contrast to vomiting blood which is usually coffee-colored, hemoptysis or coughing up blood is bright red.

Blood that comes out when coughing is sometimes also foamy due to mixing with air. Blood can also come out with phlegm in large quantities or just in the form of spots.

Depending on the cause, there are other symptoms that can also accompany coughing up blood, namely:

Cough for several weeks before coughing up blood
Chest pain
Fever
Sweating at night
Body feels tired and weak
Loss of appetite
Weight loss

When to go to the doctor

Coughing up blood is one of the symptoms of disease in the respiratory tract. Therefore, immediately consult a doctor if you experience coughing up blood, so that the cause can be identified.

Immediately go to the emergency department (IGD) if you experience coughing up blood with the following conditions:

Coughing up blood that occurs after a fall or injury to the chest
There is blood in the stool or urine
Blood that comes out as much as 1 glass of mineral water (240 ml) or blood comes out continuously
Symptoms of shock appear, such as dark vision, cold sweat, and shortness of breath

The main cause of coughing up blood in Indonesia is tuberculosis. Therefore, if you suffer from tuberculosis, check with your doctor regularly. This is because TB treatment takes a long time, which is at least 6 months.

Diagnosis of Bloody Cough

To diagnose the cause of coughing up blood, the doctor will first ask the symptoms experienced by the patient. After that, the doctor will perform a physical examination.

Next, the doctor will carry out supporting examinations to determine the cause of coughing up blood and the severity of the disease. Supporting examinations carried out include:

Sputum examination, to see bacteria that can be the cause of coughing up blood
X-rays or CT scans, to see the condition of the lungs
Binoculars of the respiratory tract (bronchoscopy), also to see the condition of the respiratory tract from the inside
Blood tests, to check for blood clotting disorders or not

Bloody Cough Treatment

Treatment of coughing up blood is tailored to the cause. If coughing up blood is caused by tuberculosis, the patient will be treated with a combination antituberculosis drug (OAT). Patients will undergo treatment for several months and need to follow the doctor's advice to prevent TB bacterial resistance.

If coughing up blood is caused by lung cancer, the patient will undergo surgical removal of the cancer. Patients may also undergo chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of the two, to kill any remaining cancerous tissue and prevent the cancer from reappearing.

Patients with severe coughing up blood may lose large amounts of blood and develop hypovolemic shock. Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition that must be treated immediately, because it can endanger the lives of people coughing up blood.

To treat this condition, the doctor will give a large infusion to maintain blood flow throughout the body.

Complications of Coughing Blood

Coughing up blood that bleeds profusely can cause shock due to excessive blood loss. Symptoms of shock generally include weakness, paleness, cold sweats, and loss of consciousness.

Depending on the cause, some other complications that can arise from coughing up blood are:

Accumulation of fluid in the lining of the lungs (pleural effusion)
Heart defects
Lung abscess
Lung tissue injury

Prevention of Bloody Cough

Coughing up blood can be prevented by avoiding the disease that causes it. Some behaviors that can be done to maintain respiratory tract health are:

Maintain good air ventilation in the house
Do not smoke
Wash your hands regularly
Cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing
Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when working
Implementing a healthy lifestyle, such as eating fruits and vegetables, and exercising regularly

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