Burkitt Lymphoma, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications
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| Burkitt Lymphoma, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications |
Burkitt lymphoma or Burkitt lymphoma is a fast-growing and aggressive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This condition is usually associated with disorders of the immune system. Cancer cells in Burkitt's lymphoma can spread to any part of the body, including the brain and spinal cord.
Burkitt lymphoma can occur in any age group, but is more common in children. This disease is often associated with viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
Given that Burkitt lymphoma can get worse very quickly, people with this condition need to get treatment right away. The sooner it is treated, the higher the chance that this condition can be cured.
Types of Burkitt Lymphoma
Based on the location of the spread of the disease and the affected body part, Burkitt lymphoma is divided into three types, namely:
Endemic Burkitt lymphoma
Endemic Burkitt lymphoma is Burkitt lymphoma that occurs in Africa. This type is often associated with chronic malaria and EBV infection.
The body parts most frequently affected by endemic Burkitt lymphoma are the facial bones and jaw. However, in some cases, this type can also occur in the intestines, kidneys, ovaries, and breasts.
Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma
Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma is Burkitt lymphoma that occurs outside of Africa. This condition is most commonly associated with EBV infection.
The body part that is most often attacked by this type of Burkitt lymphoma is the lower digestive tract (the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine).
Immunodeficiency-related lymphoma
Immunodeficiency-related lymphoma is Burkitt's lymphoma associated with weakness of the immune system. This condition is often associated with the use of drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants) or inherited disorders.
Causes of Burkitt Lymphoma
The exact cause of Burkitt lymphoma is not known. However, infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is often associated with this condition.
In addition, there are a number of factors that can increase the risk of developing Burkitt lymphoma, namely:
- Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS infection, HTLV (human T-cell lymphotrophic virus) infection, and chemotherapy and radiotherapy
- Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or celiac disease
- Stomach disease due to infection with Helicobacter pylori
Although including a dangerous disease, Burkitt lymphoma is not contagious and is not inherited or inherited from parents.
Symptoms of Burkitt Lymphoma
Symptoms of Burkitt lymphoma can vary, depending on the type. In endemic Burkitt lymphoma, the tumor or lymph node enlargement usually begins in the facial bones, jaw, and spreads to the central nervous system.
While in sporadic Burkitt lymphoma and immunodeficiency-related lymphoma, lymph node tumors usually start in the intestines, reproductive organs (such as ovaries and testes), then spread to the liver, spleen, and spinal cord.
In addition to the above symptoms, there are several other symptoms that people with Burkitt lymphoma can experience, namely:
- Tired suddenly
- Prolonged fever
- Frequent sweating at night
- Appetite down
- Weight loss
- Swelling of the stomach
When to go to the doctor
Check with a doctor if you experience enlargement or lumps on your face, jaw, neck, or stomach, especially if accompanied by the complaints mentioned above.
If you have a disease that affects your immune system, such as HIV/AIDS or an autoimmune disease, make regular check-ups with your doctor to monitor your condition.
If you have been diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma, undergo the examination according to the schedule given by the doctor and follow the treatment until it is declared complete by the doctor. This is because Burkitt lymphoma is a disease that is at risk for recurrence.
Diagnosis of Burkitt Lymphoma
The doctor will ask the patient's complaints and medical history. After that, the doctor will perform a physical examination, especially in the head, neck, and abdomen, to check for swollen lymph nodes in these areas.
Furthermore, to diagnose Burkitt lymphoma, the doctor will perform the following supporting tests:
- Biopsy, to determine the type of cell that grows and develops by examining a sample of lymph nodes
- Blood tests, to determine the number of blood cells, and to assess liver and kidney function
- Scans with X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds, and PET scans, to see the position, size, and spread of the lymphoma
- Bone marrow aspiration, to see the spread of cancer cells in the bone marrow
- HIV test, to detect HIV infection by antibody test, PCR test, or antibody-antigen combination test
Burkitt Lymphoma Treatment
After the patient is confirmed to have Burkitt lymphoma, the doctor will perform the following treatment methods:
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the administration of drugs, either by injection or by mouth, to kill cancer cells.
Several types of drugs that can be given to treat Burkitt's lymphoma are cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, metrotrexate, vincristine. These drugs can be given as a single or a combination therapy.
Drugs
Monoclonal antibody class drugs, such as rituximab, can also be given to encourage the immune system to work better in destroying cancer cells.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy is a therapy using X-rays to kill cancer cells. Generally, this therapy is performed on cancer that is still in its early stages or that has not spread to other organs.
Bone marrow transplant
A bone marrow (stem cell) transplant aims to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy tissue.
Operation
In some cases of Burkitt lymphoma, doctors may perform surgery to remove the blocked part of the intestine or the ruptured tumor.
Complications of Burkitt Lymphoma
If not treated immediately, Burkitt lymphoma can cause complications such as:
- Intestinal obstruction
- Tumor lysis syndrome
- Barren
- Liver disfunction
- Spread (metastasis) of cancer cells to other organs and body parts
Burkitt Lymphoma Prevention
Burkitt lymphoma cannot be prevented. However, there are several steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of developing Burkitt lymphoma, namely:
- Have safe sex and do not use drugs, to prevent the transmission of HIV/AIDS
- Have regular check-ups with your doctor if you have an autoimmune disease or are taking immunosuppressant drugs for a long time
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