Fever, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications

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Fever, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Complications

Definition of Fever

Fever is an increase in body temperature to more than 38 C. This condition can indicate the presence of certain diseases or conditions in the body. Fever can happen to anyone, from babies to adults.

Fever generally occurs as a reaction of the immune system in fighting infection with germs that cause disease. Some diseases that often cause fever are flu, sore throat, and urinary tract infections.

Apart from illness, fever can also occur due to exposure to weather and excessive heat, the menstrual cycle, reactions after immunization in children, or side effects of certain drugs.

Although it can be worrisome at times, most fevers caused by viral infections will go away on their own. However, if the fever has reached a temperature of more than 39 C, treatment is needed to overcome the discomfort caused by the fever and treat the cause.

It should be noted that fever is one of the common symptoms experienced by sufferers of COVID-19. Therefore, if you or those around you have a fever, immediately consult a doctor to determine the condition.

Symptoms and Causes of Fever

Fever is characterized by an increase in body temperature to more than 38 C. Normally, body temperature ranges from 36.1 C to 37.2 C.

Fever is a symptom of certain conditions or diseases. Usually, fever will be accompanied by other symptoms of the underlying condition. Some of these accompanying symptoms are:

Headache
Sweating
shivers
Weak
Muscle ache
Loss of appetite

Fever can be caused by various conditions, such as:

Infectious diseases, such as viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic infections
Diseases that cause chronic inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis
Immunizations, such as diphtheria and tetanus
Drugs
Cancer

Treatment and Prevention

Fever treatment is adjusted to the cause. In fever caused by infection, the doctor will give medication, such as:

Antiviral drug
Antibiotic drug
Antifungal drug

Fever can cause discomfort. This can be overcome by resting and drinking enough water, as well as taking fever-reducing drugs, such as paracetamol.

Fever can be prevented only if the condition or disease that causes the fever can be avoided. For example, by living a clean and healthy lifestyle, to prevent fever caused by infection.

Causes of Fever

Body temperature can be different for each person, but tends to be lower in the morning and will increase in the afternoon and evening.

Normally, body temperature ranges from 36.1 C to 37.2 C. Fever occurs when the body temperature reaches 380C or more. This condition occurs when a part of the brain called the hypothalamus increases body temperature to help fight infection or disease.

Fever is most often caused by a viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection. In addition, there are other conditions or diseases that can also cause fever:

Certain immunizations, such as diphtheria and tetanus
Teething in babies
Consumption of drugs such as antibiotics
Autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease
Hormone disorders, such as hyperthyroidism
Cancers, such as liver cancer, lymphoma (including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or DLBCL), and kidney cancer
Exposure to hot weather for a long time

Symptoms of Fever

Fever is characterized by an increase in body temperature of more than 38 C. In general, normal body temperature is between 36.1 C to 37.2 C.

Apart from an increase in body temperature, fever is also often accompanied by other symptoms, depending on the underlying condition or disease. Here are some other symptoms that often accompany a fever:

Headache
Sweating
shivers
Weak
Muscleache
Sore eyes
Earache
Loss of appetite
Heart beat
Reddish skin
Dehydration
Have a cold
Sore throat
Cough
Vomit
Diarrhea

When to See a Doctor

Fever does not necessarily indicate a serious condition and can sometimes subside on its own. However, you can do independent treatment to relieve discomfort, for example by drinking enough water and taking fever-reducing drugs, such as paracetamol.

Beware if you have a fever in the following conditions:

Body temperature reaches 39 C
Fever lasts more than 3 days
The symptoms that accompany the fever get worse
Weak immune system or are suffering from certain diseases
Fever occurs after visiting a place or to another country
Fever occurs during pregnancy

Immediately check with your doctor or go to the emergency room immediately if you have a fever accompanied by one or more of the following symptoms:

Neck feels stiff
Headaches that don't go away
Constant vomiting
Red spots on the skin that are swollen and enlarged
Shortness of breath or chest pain
bloody chapters
Abdominal pain or pain when urinating
Swelling in the legs
Loss of consciousness
seizures

Fever that occurs in infants should be immediately examined by a doctor if:

Body temperature is more than 38 C and occurs when the baby is less than 3 months old
The baby is getting fussy, weak, and looks uncomfortable
Fever lasts more than 1 day

Check your child to the doctor if the fever is accompanied by fussiness, lethargy, unresponsiveness, or occurs after receiving immunizations.

Diagnosis of Fever

Fever can be determined by measuring body temperature using a thermometer. Measurements can be taken through the mouth, armpit, ear, and rectum.

There are two types of thermometers that are commonly used, namely mercury and digital thermometers. Measurement with a mercury thermometer takes 3 minutes. Meanwhile, measurements with a digital thermometer only take about 1 minute.

If the fever doesn't subside after 3 days or is accompanied by other serious symptoms, check with your doctor. The doctor will conduct questions and answers about the patient's complaints and medical history, then carry out a physical examination, including measuring body temperature.

To determine the cause of fever, the doctor may perform additional examinations in the form of:

Urine test
Sputum examination
Stool examination
Cerebrospinal fluid examination
Complete blood test
Scans, such as X-rays or CT scans

The cause of fever is not always known. If the fever lasts more than 3 weeks and the cause is unknown even though a series of tests have been carried out above, the doctor will call it FUO (fever of unknown origin).

In these conditions, the doctor may carry out further tests, for example with an endoscope, PET scan, or echocardiography, to find out the cause of the fever.

Fever Treatment

Fever with a temperature that is not too high and does not last long usually does not require special treatment. However, to deal with discomfort due to fever, there are several ways you can do it at home, namely:

Enough rest.
Wear comfortable clothes with materials that are not too thick, and stay in a cool room.
Drink enough water.
Take a warm shower.

You can also take over-the-counter fever-reducing drugs, such as paracetamol. However, consume these drugs according to the rules listed on the packaging or according to doctor's advice. Although this drug is relatively safe, use in excessive doses and long term can cause liver or kidney damage.

If the fever is high enough or lasts a long time, the doctor will treat it according to the cause. Some of the treatments that can be given are:

Giving intravenous fluids, especially if there are signs of dehydration and cannot drink directly
Antiviral medication if the fever is caused by a viral infection
Antibiotic drugs, to treat fever due to bacterial infections
Antifungal drugs, to treat fungal infections that cause fever

Fever Complications

Fever generally does not cause serious complications. However, if the body temperature reaches 40 C and lasts a long time, the patient may experience the following complications:

Dehydration
hallucination
Daze and loss of consciousness
convulsions

Fever due to severe infection or experienced by people with weak immune systems, such as people with cancer or HIV, can be dangerous. Besides causing damage to the brain and nervous system, this condition can be life threatening.

In children aged 6 months to 5 years, fever can cause complications in the form of seizures. This condition is known as febrile seizures or step disease.

Fever Prevention

Fever is difficult to prevent because of various causes. However, fever can be prevented if the disease or condition causing it can be avoided. For example, fever caused by infection can be prevented by living a clean and healthy lifestyle.

Here are some ways you can do to prevent the spread and transmission of infection:

Wash your hands frequently and keep the house clean
Do not share eating and drinking utensils with others
Do not share use of personal items, such as towels, clothing, or toothbrushes
Maintain and increase endurance by getting enough rest, eating a healthy and balanced nutrition, exercising or regular physical activity, and drinking sufficient amounts of water.

In addition, do the vaccination according to the schedule or doctor's advice, including when you want to travel to another country. It can also help prevent infections that can cause a fever.

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